20 Python concepts & how to explain them to a child (with examples!)

Python programming is a way to give instructions to a computer so it can do different things. It's like giving a robot a set of instructions on what to do. The instructions are written in a language that the computer can understand, and Python is one of those languages.
Think of it like giving your mum a recipe to cook a cake. Just like a recipe has a list of ingredients and instructions on how to mix them, Python has its own set of instructions called code. This code tells the computer what to do, like doing a math problem, creating a drawing or even controlling a robot.
Python is a very popular language, it's simple to learn and used in many different fields like video games, web development, and even artificial intelligence. It's easy to understand, and that's why many schools (like Skill Samurai) are teaching it to kids. It's also fun, because you can create your own programs, games and apps. 

Here are some of the more common uses of the Python programming language:

1. Data analysis and visualization: Python has a wide range of libraries, such as pandas and matplotlib, that make it easy to manipulate and visualize large data sets.
2. Machine learning and artificial intelligence: Python has a variety of libraries, such as scikit-learn and TensorFlow, that are widely used in the field of machine learning and AI.
3. Web development: Python has web frameworks like Django and Flask that make it easy to build and deploy web applications.
4. Scientific computing: Python has a large number of libraries for scientific computing such as NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib for scientific and technical computing.
5. Automation: Python can be used to automate repetitive tasks such as data entry, web scraping and more.
6. Game development: Python can be used to create games using libraries like Pygame.
7. Database management: Python has libraries such as SQLAlchemy that make it easy to interact with databases and manage large data sets.
8. Networking: Python has libraries such as Scapy and Paramiko that allow for easy network communication and automation.
9. Robotics: Python can be used to control and program robots using libraries like ROS (Robot Operating System).
10. Natural Language Processing: Python has libraries such as NLTK and spaCy that are widely used in natural language processing tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, and language translation.

Here are 20 Python coding concepts explained. Further down, you'll find the same list, but explained in a language that students/kids will understand. 

1. Variables and data types: Variables are used to store data in a program, and data types define the type of data that a variable can hold. For example, a variable can hold an integer, a string, or a list. In Python, some common data types include integers, floats, strings, lists, and dictionaries.
2. Operators and expressions: Operators are used to perform operations on variables, such as addition, subtraction, and comparison. Expressions are combinations of variables and operators that evaluate to a specific value. For example, the expression "2 + 2" would evaluate to 4.
3. Control flow: Control flow refers to the way a program executes. In Python, control flow is often managed using if-else statements and for/while loops. For example, if-else statements can be used to check if a certain condition is true and then execute a specific block of code. Loops, on the other hand, allow a block of code to be executed multiple times.
4. Functions: Functions are reusable blocks of code that can be called multiple times. They allow for organization and code reusability. They can also take inputs and return outputs.
5. Modules and libraries: Modules are collections of code that can be imported and used in other programs. Libraries are collections of modules that provide useful functionality for specific tasks. For example, the Python standard library contains modules for working with common data types, such as lists and dictionaries.
6. Object-oriented programming: Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that organizes code into classes and objects. Classes define the properties and methods of an object, and objects are instances of a class. Classes can also inherit properties and methods from other classes.
7. Exception handling: Exception handling is a technique used to handle errors that occur during the execution of a program. Python provides try-except statements to handle exceptions, which allow the program to continue running even if an error occurs.
8. File input/output: Reading and writing files is a common task in programming. Python provides functions for reading and writing files, such as the open() function and the read() and write() methods.
9. Regular expressions: Regular expressions are a powerful tool for matching patterns in text. Python provides a module called re that allows you to work with regular expressions.
10. Lambda functions: Lambda functions are small, anonymous functions that are defined using the keyword lambda. They are useful for short, simple functions that are only used once.

11. List comprehensions: List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. They are written in a single line of code and consist of an expression followed by a for loop.
12. Generators: Generators are a type of iterable, like lists or tuples. They allow you to iterate over large sets of data without having to load the entire set into memory.
13. Iterators: Iterators are objects that allow you to iterate over a collection of items, such as a list or a dictionary. Python provides the iter() function to create an iterator object.
14. Decorators: Decorators are a way to modify the behavior of a function without changing its code. They are useful for adding functionality to existing functions, such as logging or caching.
15. Context managers: Context managers are a way to manage resources, such as file handles, in a structured way. They are used in conjunction with the with statement.
16. Comprehensions: Comprehensions are a concise way to create a new list, set, or dictionary from an existing one. They consist of an expression followed by a for loop. They are similar to list comprehensions, but can also be used to create sets and dictionaries.
17. map(), filter() and reduce(): These functions are built-in Python functions that allow you to apply a function to every element of an iterable (such as a list), filter elements based on a condition, and reduce the iterable to a single value respectively. They are useful for performing operations on large sets of data.
18. itertools module: The itertools module is a Python standard library module that provides a set of functions for working with iterators. These functions include functions for creating and manipulating iterators, such as chain(), zip_longest() and combinations().
19. enum: An enumeration is a set of named values. Python provides the Enum class in the enum module to define an enumeration. This is useful for creating a set of named constants, such as days of the week, that can be used in a program.
20. datetime module: The datetime module is a Python standard library module that provides classes for working with dates and times. These classes include date, time, datetime, and timedelta. They can be used to represent dates and times, perform calculations with dates and times, and format dates and times for display.

That's all well and good, but what if you are a parent or teacher, trying to explain these concepts to a 12 year old student?

1. Variables and data types: Think of variables like a box. You can put different things in a box, like numbers or words. Data types are like different types of boxes, like a box for holding just numbers or a box for holding just words.
2. Operators and expressions: Operators are like math signs, like + or -. They help you do math operations with the things in the boxes (variables). Expressions are like math problems, like 2+2=4.
3. Control flow: Control flow is like following a recipe. It tells the computer what to do and when to do it. If-else statements are like asking a yes or no question, like "Do you want ice cream?" and for/while loops are like doing something over and over again, like counting to 10.
4. Functions: Functions are like mini-recipes. They are a set of instructions that you can use multiple times. It's like having a recipe for cookies and you can make them whenever you want.
5. Modules and libraries: Modules are like big recipe books and libraries are like big collections of recipe books. They have a lot of instructions (code) that you can use for different things.
6. Object-oriented programming: Object-oriented programming is like building with LEGOs. You have different blocks (classes) that you can put together to build different things (objects).
7. Exception handling: Exception handling is like catching a ball. Sometimes, you might not catch it right and it might fall. Exception handling is a way to make sure that your program can still keep running even if something goes wrong.
8. File input/output: File input/output is like reading a book. You can read a book and save it to your computer, and then you can read it later.
9. Regular expressions: Regular expressions are like finding a specific word in a book. You can use them to search for specific patterns in text.
10. Lambda functions: Lambda functions are like secret codes. They are small and anonymous, and you can use them only once.

11. List comprehensions: List comprehensions are like making a shopping list. You write down what you want to buy in one line.
12. Generators: Generators are like a buffet. You can take what you want without having to take everything at once.
13. Iterators: Iterators are like going through a flipbook. You can look at each page one by one.
14. Decorators: Decorators are like adding toppings to your ice cream. They change the way a function works without changing the function itself.
15. Context managers: Context managers are like a timer. They help you manage resources, like a file, in a structured way.
16. Comprehensions: Comprehensions are like making a collection of things, like a collection of stickers or a collection of rocks. They help you create new lists, sets, or dictionaries from existing ones.
17. map(), filter() and reduce(): These functions are like helpers. They help you apply a function to every element of an iterable (like a list), filter elements based on a condition, and reduce the iterable to a single value respectively.
18. itertools module: The itertools module is like a toolbox. It has a set of functions for working with iterators, like different tools for different jobs.
19. enum: Enum is like a set of labels. You can use it to define a set of named values, like days of the week or colours.
20. datetime module: The datetime module is like a calendar. It helps you work with dates and times, like figuring out when your birthday is or how long until summer vacation. It has classes like date, time, datetime, and timedelta that can be used to represent dates and times, perform calculations with them, and format them for display.

Here are examples of the main Python coding concepts:

● Variables and data types:

● Operators and expressions:

● Control flow:

● Functions:

● Modules and libraries:

● Object-oriented programming:

● Exception handling:

● File input/output:

● Comprehensions

● Generators and Iterators

● Decorators

● Context Managers

● Namespaces and Scoping

● Classes and Objects

● Inheritance and Polymorphism

● Error Handling 

● Modules and Packages

● The Standard Library

Teaching children Python programming is essential for the future of technology and innovation.

Python is a widely-used programming language that is easy to learn and understand. It is often used in a variety of fields such as web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, and more. The simplicity of the language makes it perfect for children to learn and start creating their own programs.
By teaching children Python programming, we are not only giving them a valuable skill, but also encouraging them to think critically and creatively. They will learn how to solve problems and think logically. Programming also helps children develop problem-solving skills, which are essential in today's technology-driven world.
In addition, learning to code at an early age can also inspire children to pursue careers in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. As technology continues to advance and play an even bigger role in our daily lives, having a strong understanding of programming will be increasingly important.
Furthermore, Python is used in many fields such as data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. These are fields that are growing rapidly and will be in high demand in the future. By teaching children Python programming, we are preparing them for the future and providing them with the opportunity to excel in these fields.
In conclusion, teaching children Python programming is not only beneficial for their future careers, but also for their overall development. It is a valuable skill that will open doors for them in the future, and it's never too early to start learning.
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